Pepper root diseases are among the most common and damaging issues faced by growers, especially in greenhouse and protected cultivation systems. The primary root-related diseases affecting peppers include root rot, bacterial wilt, and blight. If not controlled promptly, these diseases can lead to plant death and significant yield losses. Below is a comprehensive summary of the occurrence characteristics and control measures for these diseases, based on information from China's pesticide network:
**Pepper Root Rot**
(1) **Disease Characteristics**: Root rot typically occurs after transplanting and continues until harvest. Affected plants show wilting during the day, which temporarily recovers at night but gradually worsens over time, eventually leading to plant death. Infected roots turn light brown to dark brown and become soft and easily peeled off. The disease spreads through irrigation and thrives in high humidity, warm temperatures, and poor ventilation in the rhizosphere.
(2) **Control Measures**:
1. Practice crop rotation with cruciferous vegetables, legumes, onions, or garlic to reduce pathogen buildup in the soil.
2. Improve field management by ensuring proper ventilation, reducing humidity, avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and increasing phosphorus and potassium application to strengthen plant resistance.
3. Promptly remove and destroy infected plants, along with surrounding soil, to prevent further spread.
4. Apply chemical treatments such as 50% thiophanate-methyl WP diluted 500 times, 50% carbendazim WP at 600 times, or 50% metalaxyl-MnZn WP at 600 times. These should be applied every 7 days for 3–4 consecutive applications. Rotate fungicides to avoid resistance.
**Pepper Blight (Phytophthora capsici)**
(1) **Disease Characteristics**: This disease is caused by *Phytophthora capsici* and thrives in cool, humid conditions, especially between 27–30°C. It spreads rapidly under low sunlight, high humidity, and waterlogged soils. Overwintering pathogens in infected plant debris and seeds contribute to repeated infestations. Poor fertilization, lack of organic matter, and excessive nitrogen can weaken plant resistance. High humidity and saturated soil in greenhouses also promote disease development.
(2) **Control Measures**:
1. Implement strict crop rotation, avoiding Solanaceae crops for at least three years. Use resistant varieties and disinfect seedbeds with 72.2% propamocarb at 600 times dilution.
2. Optimize planting density (3,300–3,500 plants per mu) to improve air circulation and reduce humidity. Apply balanced fertilizers, avoid overuse of nitrogen, and manage irrigation carefully to prevent waterlogging.
3. Apply protective sprays such as 80% mancozeb at 600 times dilution every 15 days. For early infection, use 40% ethirimol WP at 200 times, 75% chlorothalonil at 600 times, or 64% copper oxychloride at 400–500 times. Apply 40 kg per 666.7 m², repeating every 7–10 days for 2–3 times. In severe cases, increase frequency and consider dusting methods like 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent or 5% dusting agent.
**Bacterial Wilt**
(1) **Disease Characteristics**: Caused by *Ralstonia solanacearum*, this bacterial disease is increasingly prevalent in greenhouse-grown peppers. Symptoms are subtle in seedlings but progress to sudden wilting at midday, which does not recover. The vascular tissue in the roots turns dark brown, while the outer layer remains unaffected. The disease spreads through irrigation and farming activities, with repeated cropping leading to increased pathogen levels in the soil.
(2) **Prevention and Control**:
1. Avoid continuous cropping with solanaceous crops. Rotate with non-host plants to break the disease cycle.
2. Ensure good ventilation, avoid overwatering, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to enhance plant health.
3. Remove and dispose of infected plants immediately.
4. Apply bactericides such as 77% streptomycin at 500 times dilution or 72% agricultural streptomycin at 4,000 times. Spray the base of the plant every 7–8 days for 3–4 applications. Alternatively, use 50% carbendazim at 800–1,000 times for root irrigation. Combine with foliar sprays of 10–15 g boric acid per 50 kg of water, applied every 10–15 days for 3–4 times.
By implementing these integrated management strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of root diseases on pepper crops, ensuring better yields and healthier plants. Always follow label instructions when using pesticides and prioritize environmentally friendly practices where possible.
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