Mining machinery is designed with specific functions depending on the type of equipment used. Among these, drilling machines and rock drills are commonly categorized into two main groups: disc mining machines and drilling rigs. Drilling rigs are further divided into outdoor and underground types, while rock drills are typically used for creating blastholes in medium-hard rocks with diameters ranging from 20 to 100 mm and depths up to 20 meters. These drills can be powered by air, internal combustion, hydraulics, or electricity, with the pneumatic rock drill being the most widely used.
Open-air drilling machines are classified based on their working mechanisms, such as rope-impact, down-the-hole, cone, and rotary drilling machines. The rope-impact type has largely been replaced due to its inefficiency. Meanwhile, boring machines use axial pressure and rotational force to break rock and shape tunnels or shafts. They employ various cutting tools like disc hobs, wedge hobs, ball hobs, and milling cutters. These machines can be further divided into patio drills, shaft drills, and tunnel excavators depending on the application.
Centrifugal concentrators are essential for recovering fine metal ore particles from slime. They operate using a high-speed rotating conical drum, which generates centrifugal force. Heavy ore particles settle on the drum wall, forming a concentrate, while lighter particles are carried away by the slurry flow as tailings. This process is efficient for fine-grained materials.
Magnetic separators are used to sort minerals based on their magnetic properties. They consist of a magnetic system, a sorting chamber, and feeding/discharge mechanisms. Common types include permanent magnet cylinder separators, electromagnetic flat ring separators, and high-gradient magnetic separators, each suited for different mineral processing needs.
Flotation machines utilize differences in surface properties of fine-grained minerals. By adding flotation reagents and introducing air or mechanical agitation, hydrophobic particles attach to bubbles and rise to the surface as concentrate, while hydrophilic particles remain in the tank as tailings. This method is crucial for separating valuable minerals from gangue.
After wet processing, the concentrate must be dewatered to separate solids from liquids. Dewatering machines include thickeners, filters, centrifuges, and dryers. Each type plays a key role in reducing moisture content and preparing the final product for transport or further processing.
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