China's graphite resources are in a hurry after 20 years or no resources are available

**Abstract** As the central theme of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, graphene—a revolutionary material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms—has transitioned from theoretical research to practical application. Scientists worldwide see it as a game-changer for the electronics industry, with the potential to spark an industrial chain worth billions of dollars. Currently, global natural graphite reserves are estimated at around 71 million tons, with China holding approximately 55 million tons, making up about 77% of the world's total. Despite this dominance, China has long been a raw material supplier rather than a high-value producer. The country’s graphite industry is not performing well, and its lack of advanced processing technology has left it vulnerable to foreign control. Zhang Bin, chairman of the China Graphite Industry Association and CEO of Inner Mongolia Rixin Group, expresses deep concern over China’s reliance on low-end production. He argues that graphite is more crucial to industrial development than rare earths and calls for national attention on upgrading the industry. Five years ago, he invested heavily in deep graphite processing, transforming his company into the largest in China and second in the world. Graphite possesses unique properties such as high thermal resistance, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, making it essential for military, technological, and industrial applications. Some experts predict that the 21st century will be the "century of graphite," surpassing even silicon in importance. However, China faces a serious challenge: exporting raw graphite at just 3,000–4,000 yuan per ton while importing processed products at 100,000–200,000 yuan per ton. This pattern has persisted for nearly 30 years, raising concerns about resource depletion and loss of market control. Zhang Bin warns that without transformation, China may face a future where it can no longer harvest graphite. An analysis shows that thousands of graphite companies operate in disarray, leading to inefficient mining and resource waste. If current trends continue, China’s proven reserves could be exhausted within 20 years, turning the country into a graphite importer. Experts like Zhou Yu emphasize that China lacks core technologies for deep graphite processing, which are controlled by countries like the U.S., Japan, and the EU. This has led to a situation where China exports cheap raw materials but buys expensive processed products. To address these issues, Zhang Bin has focused on building an integrated industry chain, investing in R&D, and acquiring patents. His company now produces 12 key products and holds over 10 domestic patents. In 2013, a breakthrough in conductive agents challenged a Swiss monopoly, leading to a price drop in imported materials. Despite these successes, Zhang remains cautious, believing that the real challenge lies ahead. He has expanded his operations by acquiring major graphite mines and developing a high-tech industry valley in Inner Mongolia. Zhang also advocates learning from the rare earth management model, urging the government to regulate production, support R&D, and ensure sustainable development. With proper policies, China could reclaim its position as a leader in the global graphite industry.

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