Good timing for autumn straw silage

The silage pit is one of the most commonly used structures in rural areas for storing animal feed. When constructing a silage pit, several key points should be considered. First, choose a location with hard soil, elevated ground, and low groundwater levels, ideally close to the barn for convenience. Second, the construction type—whether above ground, semi-underground, or fully underground—should be based on local water conditions. The base must be at least 0.5 meters above the groundwater level to prevent water seepage. Third, the shape can be rectangular, square, or round, but if it's a square pit, the corners should be rounded to ensure smooth compaction. The walls should be flat, even, and have a slight slope for better structural integrity. One end of the pit should also have a slope to facilitate material movement and access. Fourth, the standard dimensions are usually around 3 meters in width, not too wide or deep. The length can be adjusted based on the number of livestock. Finally, the foundation and painting work should be completed at least 10 days before silage begins to ensure the concrete is fully dry. The success of making silage depends heavily on the quality and efficiency of the mower used. If the mower is not of good quality, it may fail during operation, leading to longer silage times and lower effectiveness. It’s important to select a mower that matches the size of the silage pit. The cutting speed must be sufficient to fill the silage within two days. Based on the calculation that 1 cubic meter holds about 500 kg of straw, for silages under 100 cubic meters, a mower with a capacity of 2–2.5 tons per hour is recommended. For silages between 100 and 200 cubic meters, a 4-ton-per-hour mower is ideal. For larger silages over 200 cubic meters, a mower with at least 6 tons per hour or multiple machines should be used. Preparing the straw for silage requires a large amount of material. A 100-cubic-meter silage pit typically needs nearly 50 mu of corn stalks. In areas where many silage pits are built and the volume is high, it's essential to plan ahead to secure enough straw resources. The time frame is tight, and the workload is significant. Not only does the straw need to be transported, but it also has to be cut and compacted, which is not something just a few people can handle. Hiring workers or enlisting help from neighbors and relatives is often necessary. Additionally, it's important to check in advance whether the roads for transporting straw are clear and whether the power supply is stable. Mastering silage techniques involves harvesting at the right time and delivering the materials quickly. Silage is usually harvested when the corn ear is mature, and the stalk has only one or two leaves remaining at the bottom. With frequent autumn rains, monitoring the weather forecast is crucial to avoid delays. Once harvested, the corn stalks should be cut into pieces of about 2 to 3 cm in length. This ensures proper compaction and easier digestion by animals. After cutting, the material should be loaded immediately. Before filling the pit, a layer of hay can be placed at the bottom to absorb any juices that may leak out during the process. The straw should be compacted every 15 to 20 cm, and each layer should be stepped on thoroughly. Special attention should be given to the corners and the sides of the pit. The more you press, the better. For large quantities, mechanical crushing can also be used. Sealing the silage properly is critical. After filling the pit to about 60 cm above the rim and ensuring it is fully compacted, the top should be covered immediately. First, lay down a 20 cm layer of hay or plastic sheeting, then cover with 30 to 50 cm of soil. The soil should be shaped like a steamed bun to allow for proper drainage. After the silage is complete, regular inspections are necessary to detect any leaks, air gaps, or cracks, and these should be repaired promptly. To improve the quality of the silage, some additives can be used. Urea is one such additive, typically added at a rate of 5 kg per ton of silage. Another option is salt, which is useful when the raw materials are dry and coarse. In such cases, 2 to 5 kg of salt per ton of silage can be added to enhance preservation and nutritional value.

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