In the early 1990s, China's air pollution problem was already a growing concern. According to the "China Environmental Bulletin," urban air quality in 1997 remained at a high level of pollution, with northern cities experiencing more severe conditions compared to southern ones (see Figure 3-1). The annual average sulfur dioxide concentration ranged from 3 to 248 micrograms per cubic meter, while the national average stood at 66 micrograms per cubic meter. More than half of the cities exceeded the national secondary standard for sulfur dioxide, which is set at 60 micrograms per cubic meter. Northern cities had an annual average of 72 micrograms per cubic meter, while southern cities averaged 60 micrograms per cubic meter.
Cities in the southwest region, such as Yibin, Guiyang, and Chongqing, which rely heavily on high-sulfur coal, as well as industrial centers like those in Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Henan, and parts of Shaanxi, faced particularly severe sulfur dioxide pollution.
One of the main sources of this pollution is energy consumption. As China’s economy grew rapidly and living standards improved, the demand for energy increased significantly. This led to a sharp rise in sulfur dioxide emissions, contributing to long-lasting and harmful acid rain in the Southwest.
Another major contributor is motor vehicle exhaust. In recent years, the number of vehicles in major Chinese cities has surged, making vehicle emissions a key source of urban air pollution. Additionally, lead emissions from cars also play a significant role in degrading urban air quality.
Environmental protection involves human efforts to preserve natural resources and use them wisely, preventing environmental degradation. It includes comprehensive management of polluted areas to create a healthier environment for living and working. Environmental protection encompasses various actions aimed at addressing current or potential environmental issues, balancing the relationship between humans and nature, and ensuring sustainable economic and social development. These actions include engineering solutions, administrative measures, legal frameworks, economic policies, public awareness campaigns, and educational programs.
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