Downy mildew is a common and serious disease affecting spinach, with varying levels of damage from year to year. It is an obligate parasite that only infects spinach plants, making it particularly challenging to manage in agricultural settings.
**Symptoms**
Spinach downy mildew can affect leaves locally or systemically. When the infection is localized, the affected areas first appear as small, water-soaked, light green spots. These spots gradually enlarge into irregular yellow lesions, with unclear borders. On the underside of the leaves, a grayish-white mold layer develops, which may later turn purple-gray. The disease typically starts on the lower parts of the plant and spreads upward. Under dry conditions, infected leaves become yellow and brittle, while high humidity can cause the leaves to rot. In cases of systemic infection, the entire leaf may be covered, leading to severe wilting and decay, especially under moist conditions.
**Transmission and Disease Conditions**
The pathogen overwinters on infected spinach plants, seeds, or oospores. In the following growing season, sporangia are produced and spread through wind, rain, irrigation water, farm tools, insects, and human activities. These spores enter the plant through stomata or the epidermis and thrive in temperatures between 7°C and 16°C, along with wet and rainy weather. The optimal growth stage for the disease occurs when spinach has more than five leaves. The peak occurrence is usually from March to April in spring and from September to December in autumn. Spring tends to have less rainfall and lighter disease pressure, while autumn's heavy rains lead to more severe outbreaks. Other contributing factors include continuous planting in the same area, proximity to other crops susceptible to downy mildew, low-lying fields prone to waterlogging, excessive planting density, poor air circulation, and inadequate field management.
**Prevention and Control Methods**
1. **Cultural Practices**: Rotate crops for at least 2–3 years to reduce pathogen buildup in the soil. Implement proper spacing and irrigation practices to improve air circulation. Remove infected plants promptly and clear fallen leaves after harvest.
2. **Seed Treatment**: Apply chemical treatments such as 30% myclobutanil or 25% metalaxyl WP seed dressing. The recommended dosage is 0.3–0.4% of the seed weight.
3. **Chemical Spraying**: Begin spraying early when symptoms are detected. Apply fungicides every 7–10 days for 2–3 times. Options include 58% metalaxyl-manganese zinc wettable powder diluted 500 times, 50% antibacterial WP diluted 500 times, or 64% antivirus WP diluted 500 times. If the disease is severe, use 72% kresoxim-methyl WP diluted 800 times or 50% mancozeb WP diluted 500–600 times.
By combining cultural, biological, and chemical control measures, farmers can effectively manage downy mildew in spinach and minimize yield losses. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to preventing widespread outbreaks.
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