After applying the base layer or the cushion layer, once the mortar has reached a semi-dry state (approximately 6–7 dry), mark the grid positions using an elastic line according to the design specifications. Ensure that the strip sizes are consistent and that vertical bars are symmetrically placed. The height of the wooden strips should match the thickness and width of the finish coat, and they should be shaped into a trapezoidal form with a narrower outer edge. Before installation, soak the strips in water to prevent them from swelling after plastering. When attaching the strips, use cement slurry for strong adhesion. After placement, ensure they are straight and level, with tight and smooth joints.
Once the base layer or cushion layer has gained sufficient strength, remove the grid strips and assess the moisture level of the base. If needed, moisten it appropriately. Apply a thin and even layer of cement slurry as the first step to prevent hollow drums. The thickness of this layer should be around 1mm, followed by troweling with a 1:2 to 1:2.8 cement and stone mix. The ratio may vary depending on the size of the stone particles—use 1:2.5 for smaller grains and 1:2.8 for larger ones, such as beige stones. Conduct a trial test before starting the full process, and consider adding a small amount of lime slurry to improve workability.
In each compartment, start from the bottom and apply the slurry with a trowel, smoothing and compacting it repeatedly. Gently flatten any sharp edges of the exposed stones to ensure a smooth surface. When applying the slurry to the wall, make sure it is slightly higher than the grid lines. Brush the surface gently to bring out the stones, then press lightly and repeat the process at least three times. During this stage, rotate the stones so that their largest face is visible and evenly distributed. To avoid smearing, after pressing the slurry, use a small roller (40–50 mm diameter, 500 mm long) to roll over the surface several times, then level it with a trowel. This helps lift excess material while maintaining good compaction.
At the corners, hang a vertical line and temporarily fix one side with wooden strips. Set the height of the finish coat on the other side, then apply the slurry. Once applied, check the alignment by leaning a ruler against the surface. For the uncoated side, stagger the joints to avoid black edges. Use a specialized tool to gently tap the yin angle, ensuring it remains straight. Many professionals now add a vertical grid at the corner to achieve better results.
The spraying process is critical for a water-brushed stone finish. Spraying too early or too much can cause the stone surface to fall off when the mortar is exposed. Spraying too late may result in poor cleaning, leading to surface stains. It’s best to spray when the surface starts to set—when you can press it slightly without leaving a mark and the stones don’t easily fall off. This is essential for achieving a quality finish.
The brushing action for water-brushed stone walls should be quick. One person works from the front, using a soft brush to gently rub away the mortar, revealing the stone without dislodging the grains. Another person uses a sprayer to pre-wet the adjacent area. Then, spray from top to bottom, covering about 80 cm per section. Keep the nozzle about 10–20 cm away from the wall, and spray evenly to wash away the surface cement slurry, exposing approximately one-third of the stone’s surface.
When spraying corners, angle the nozzle to keep the edges clean and sharp. Avoid spraying too fast or too slow, which can lead to uneven exposure. If some stones appear uneven, gently tap them with a trowel to achieve a uniform look. If cracks occur, use a trowel to remove the cement slurry and expose the stone. Rinse the top and bottom areas with a small watering can. After removing the grid strips, clean both the upper and lower sections carefully. Do not press the stones directly.
After the spraying process, apply a 1:1 cement mortar to create a concave depth of 3–4 mm. It’s best to add color to the mortar and mix it thoroughly before filling the joints to enhance the visual appeal.
Ductile cable manhole covers are a type of access cover that is specifically designed to provide a secure and durable solution for underground utility access points. These covers are made from ductile iron, which is a type of cast iron that has been treated with magnesium to enhance its strength and ductility.
Ductile iron is known for its excellent mechanical properties, including high tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexibility. These properties make it an ideal material for manufacturing manhole covers that can withstand heavy loads and harsh environmental conditions. Ductile cable manhole covers are specifically designed to accommodate cables and wires that pass through underground utility access points.
One of the key features of ductile cable manhole covers is their high load-bearing capacity. These covers are able to withstand heavy loads, such as vehicles driving over them, without experiencing any deformation or damage. This is crucial for ensuring the safety of pedestrians and vehicles, as well as preventing any disruption to the underground utilities.
In addition to their load-bearing capacity, ductile cable manhole covers also offer excellent resistance to corrosion and wear. The ductile iron material is highly resistant to rust and can withstand exposure to moisture, chemicals, and other corrosive agents. This ensures that the covers remain in good condition for an extended period of time, even in harsh environments.
Furthermore, ductile cable manhole covers are designed to be easy to install and maintain. They typically feature a hinged design, allowing for easy access to the underground utilities. This makes it convenient for utility workers to carry out inspections, repairs, and maintenance tasks without the need for specialized tools or equipment.
Another important aspect of ductile cable manhole covers is their anti-theft features. These covers are often equipped with locking mechanisms or tamper-proof features to prevent unauthorized access or theft. This is especially important in areas where the underground utilities are valuable or sensitive, such as power distribution networks or telecommunication infrastructure.
Moreover, ductile cable manhole covers are designed to be aesthetically pleasing. They often feature a smooth and sleek surface finish, which not only enhances their visual appeal but also prevents debris or water from accumulating on the cover. This helps to maintain a clean and tidy appearance in urban areas.
In conclusion, ductile cable manhole covers are a reliable and durable solution for underground utility access points. Their high load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and anti-theft features make them an ideal choice for ensuring the safety and functionality of underground utilities. With their easy installation and maintenance, as well as their aesthetically pleasing design, ductile cable manhole covers are a practical and efficient solution for various infrastructure projects.
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