Sculpture techniques encompass a wide range of methods beyond simple carving and shaping. In addition to these, inlay, mosaic, and pasting are also commonly used. Inlay involves embedding materials like jade, turquoise, or bovine bone into sculptures made of ivory or wood. Mosaic is a technique where small pieces are bonded, joined, or fastened with metal screws to form larger, seamless designs. Pasting is often used in shell carving, where colored and shaped shell fragments are arranged and stacked to create intricate patterns, such as flowers or characters.
The main techniques in sculpture include round carving, semi-circular carving, relief, line carving, and openwork.
Round carving produces three-dimensional works that can be viewed from all angles, without any background. This technique allows for a full representation of the subject from every perspective.
Semi-circular carving is a traditional Chinese sculptural method. It combines elements of round carving, relief, and intaglio to express the main content of the artwork, while secondary details are presented on the base, often using unprocessed materials.
Relief is a technique where a three-dimensional image is created on a flat surface. The image is attached to the plane and is best viewed from one direction. Reliefs occupy significant space and are widely used in both decorative and structural art. They can be combined with other forms of sculpture. There are two types: high relief (deep relief) and low relief (bas-relief). High relief has a depth greater than 2/5 of the object’s thickness, while low relief is much shallower, usually about 1/10 of the object’s thickness. Chinese relief art is known for its rich visual depth and complexity, allowing multiple scenes and perspectives to coexist within a single piece. Unlike Western art, which often uses a single focal point, Chinese relief employs a scattered perspective, creating a dynamic and multi-layered visual experience. This technique also breaks the constraints of time and space, enabling artists to depict events or objects from different eras and locations within a single composition.
Line carving, also known as line engraving, is a technique that uses both raised and recessed lines to shape the design. It is often used for decorative patterns and detailed motifs.
Openwork carving, or latticework, involves hollowing out parts of the sculpture, allowing the viewer to see through the piece and glimpse the background. This technique is particularly popular in woodcarving, such as Guangdong Chaozhou woodcarving, Zhejiang Dongyang woodcarving, and stone carvings from Fujian and Zhejiang. These crafts are renowned for their delicate and intricate designs, showcasing the skill and artistry of traditional Chinese craftsmanship.
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