Spring is the early stage when pests and diseases begin to emerge in orchards. At this time, their numbers are relatively low, making them easier to manage. Effective pest and disease control during the spring season can significantly reduce the risks of dealing with these issues in summer and autumn, while also laying a solid foundation for high fruit yields that year. Proper use of **pesticides** plays a crucial role in fruit tree cultivation.
Before purchasing pesticides, it's essential to clearly define the target pests or diseases you want to control. Here are some key considerations to avoid buying counterfeit products and minimize losses. First, ensure the pesticide has all four necessary certificates: the pesticide registration certificate, production license, product standard number, and quality certification. If any of these are missing, there's a risk of purchasing fake or substandard products. Second, check the shelf life of the pesticide—most liquid formulations last about one year, powders up to two years, and emulsifiable concentrates up to three years. Always look at the production date and expiration label on the packaging. Third, inspect the packaging carefully. It should be intact, without leaks or damage. For powder pesticides, make sure they are not clumped; for emulsions, check that there’s no separation; for water-based products, ensure there’s no sedimentation. Granular pesticides should meet size specifications and be evenly distributed. Lastly, it's often beneficial to choose multi-purpose pesticides that can address multiple issues at once, improving efficiency and reducing costs.
Pesticides must be stored safely, away from food, animals, and clothing. They are toxic to humans and livestock, so proper storage is vital. Ideally, use a separate storage room or container to prevent accidental ingestion or long-term poisoning.
Mixing pesticides properly can enhance their effectiveness, allowing you to treat multiple pests or diseases with fewer applications. This not only reduces the amount of chemicals used but also lowers costs and may even improve efficacy, reduce toxicity, and slow down the development of resistance in pests.
Some pesticides come pre-mixed by manufacturers and can be diluted with water before application. Liquid formulations like emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders are typically ready to use after mixing.
When blending pesticides, always have a clear objective. The mixture should maintain chemical stability, preserve the physical properties of the formulation, and not increase toxicity or residue levels beyond what is acceptable for a single product. The combination should be effective against different pests or diseases, offer a synergistic effect, and ideally include plant-based synergists to boost performance. It's also important to consider different modes of action to avoid resistance. New mixtures should be tested before large-scale use.
However, there are cases where mixing pesticides is not advisable. For example, if a pesticide degrades easily in alkaline conditions, it should not be mixed with alkaline products. Certain insecticides, such as phoxim or pyrethroids, should not be combined with sulfur-based products like Bordeaux mixture. Mixtures that cause emulsion breakdown or chemical instability should also be avoided. Pesticides containing copper should not be mixed with sulfur or organophosphorus compounds. Microbial insecticides and systemic organophosphorus pesticides should not be combined with fungicides.
Finally, always pay attention to the safety interval—the time between the last pesticide application and harvest. This period allows residues to drop below safe levels. In orchards, the last spray must occur well before harvest to avoid contamination and protect human and animal health.
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