Spring is the early stage of pest and disease development in orchards. During this time, pest and disease populations are low, making them easier to manage. Proper prevention and control during the spring season can significantly reduce the risk of infestations in summer and autumn, laying a strong foundation for high fruit yields that year. Accurate use of **pesticides** plays a crucial role in fruit tree cultivation.
Before purchasing pesticides, it's essential to clearly identify the target pests or diseases you want to address. To avoid buying counterfeit products and potential losses, pay attention to the following: First, ensure that the pesticide has all four necessary certificates—pesticide registration certificate, production license, product standard number, and quality certification. If any of these documents are missing, it could be a sign of fake products. Second, check the shelf life of the pesticide. Most liquid formulations last about one year, while powders can last up to two years, and emulsifiable concentrates may remain effective for three years. Always look at the production date and expiration label carefully. Third, inspect the packaging. It should be intact, without leaks or damage. For powder pesticides, make sure there’s no clumping; for emulsions, check for separation; for liquid formulations, ensure there's no sedimentation. Granular pesticides should meet quality standards with uniform particle size. Fourth, consider choosing multi-purpose pesticides that can target multiple pests or diseases at once, offering better value and efficiency.
Pesticides should be stored separately from food, animals, and clothing. They are toxic to humans and livestock, so it's important to keep them in a dedicated storage area or container to prevent accidental ingestion or long-term poisoning.
Proper mixing of pesticides can enhance their effectiveness, allow for the treatment of multiple pests and diseases, reduce the amount of chemicals used, lower costs, and sometimes even improve efficacy, reduce toxicity, and minimize resistance development in pests. Some pesticides come pre-mixed by manufacturers and can be diluted with water before use, such as emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders.
When blending pesticides, always have a clear objective. The mixing should follow certain principles: it should be cost-effective, not affect the chemical stability of active ingredients, and not damage the physical properties of the formulation. The combined toxicity should not increase, and residue levels should not exceed those of individual products. The mixture should effectively target different pests and diseases, and ideally have a synergistic effect. Using synergists like plant-based enhancers can improve performance. Also, consider the mode of action to avoid overlapping or conflicting mechanisms. Most mixtures should be prepared on-demand, and new combinations must be tested before application.
Certain pesticides should never be mixed. For example, if a pesticide is unstable in alkaline conditions, it should not be combined with alkaline products. Pesticides like phoxim and pyrethroids should not be mixed with sulfur-based compounds like lime sulfur. Mixtures that cause emulsion breakdown should also be avoided. Organic sulfur and organophosphorus pesticides should not be mixed with copper-based preparations. Microbial insecticides should not be combined with systemic organophosphorus pesticides or fungicides.
Finally, always observe the safe interval between the last pesticide application and harvest. This period allows residues to decrease to safe levels. In orchard management, the time between the final spray and harvest must be longer than the recommended safe interval to prevent health risks to humans and animals.
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