In recent years, the implementation of wall reforms and the widespread use of new waterproof sealing materials—such as concrete hollow blocks, hollow clay bricks, ceramsite or slag hollow blocks, and aerated concrete blocks—have led to an increase in water leakage from building exteriors. During rainy or typhoon seasons, this issue becomes especially severe, affecting both the aesthetics and the durability of the structure. To address this, it is essential to develop and apply advanced waterproof materials like polymer cement mortar or polymer cement composite coatings that offer bonding, waterproofing, and crack resistance. These materials should be used to seal the exterior walls effectively. Additionally, proper waterproofing measures must be taken during masonry and construction, ensuring that the joints between the external walls and window frames are sealed tightly with elastoplastic materials to prevent water ingress.
Here are some key strategies I have learned over the years through practical experience in construction management, focusing on preventing water leakage from building exteriors:
First, ensure the quality of the plastering work.
1. Preparation before leveling the plaster:
It is important to thoroughly moisten the surface of the masonry before applying plaster. A 200mm-wide 16-gauge steel mesh should be installed at the junction between masonry and concrete sections to prevent cracking caused by different expansion coefficients. Any leftover debris, such as wood chips or exposed rebars, on the concrete wall must be removed to ensure strong adhesion between the plaster and the base layer.
2. Proper plastering techniques:
- The mortar mix should strictly follow the specified ratio, with accurate measurement and control of the water-cement ratio. Water should not be added during construction.
- Plastering should be done in layers, especially for high-rise buildings where the exterior walls may require thicker application. Each layer should not exceed 2cm in thickness. If the thickness is too great, a steel mesh should be added.
- Polymer-modified mortar can be used for better waterproofing.
- Any scaffolding tie rods or protrusions should be cut and smoothed, then covered with a thin layer of mortar and finished with a trowel. Finally, a plain cement slurry should be applied.
Second, inspect and treat the walls.
1. Wall hole inspection and treatment:
Before applying plaster, all wall holes—including those from scaffolding, tower cranes, and construction elevators—should be inspected and properly sealed. Uneven areas should be leveled using 1:3 cement mortar. If the area is thick, multiple layers should be applied, and steel mesh or bonding cloth may be used. The holes should be cleaned, moistened, and filled with dry-hard concrete. The process should start from the inside and move outward, ensuring full compaction. Water pipes should be sloped downward at 3°–5°, and expansion sleeves should be coated with epoxy resin. Wooden wedges are strictly prohibited. For screw holes in waterproof concrete shear walls, they should be chiseled into a bell shape, filled with expansive cement mortar, and sealed with polymer waterproof slurry.
2. Repair of minor defects:
For small mold or honeycomb surfaces on the exterior wall, the following steps can be taken:
- Remove loose material, clean the area, and wash the base with a wire brush or pressure water. Then, apply 1:2 or 1:2.5 cement mortar and keep it moist for 14 days.
- For honeycombs with small surface areas and no deep holes, remove the loose particles and clean the surface. Moisten the area before applying 1:2 or 1:2.5 mortar and keep it wet for 14 days.
Third, proper masonry practices:
Avoid uneven joints and light transmission during masonry. Ensure uniform mortar joints and clean the interface between walls and beams/columns. Wet the bricks before laying them, and do not complete the wall in one go. Instead, build it in two or three stages to prevent shrinkage and ensure solid construction. Regularly check the flatness of the wall to avoid excessive thickness or thinness.
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