Special ceramics were developed in the twentieth century. Under the promotion and cultivation of modern production and science and technology, they "reproduced" very quickly. Especially in the past two or three decades, new varieties emerged in an endless stream. According to the chemical composition, there are:
Oxide ceramic
Oxide ceramics: alumina, zirconia, magnesia, calcium oxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, uranium trioxide, and the like.
Nitride ceramic
Nitride ceramics: silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, uranium nitride, and the like.
Carbide ceramic
Carbide ceramics: silicon carbide, boron carbide, uranium carbide, etc.
Boride ceramic
Boride ceramics: zirconium boride, lanthanum boride, and the like.
Silicide ceramic
Silicide ceramics: molybdenum disilicide and the like.
Fluoride ceramic
Fluoride ceramics: magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, barium trifluoride, and the like.
Sulfide ceramic
Sulfide ceramics: zinc sulfide, barium sulfide, and the like.
other
There are also arsenide ceramics, selenide ceramics, and bismuth ceramics.
In addition to single-phase ceramics mainly composed of one compound, there are composite ceramics composed of two or more compounds. For example, a magnesium-aluminum spinel ceramic composed of a combination of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide, a silicon oxynitride ceramic composed of a combination of silicon nitride and aluminum oxide, is a combination of chromium oxide, cerium oxide and calcium oxide. Calcium strontium chromate ceramic, lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics composed of zirconia, titania, lead oxide or cerium oxide. In addition, there are a large number of cermets formed by adding metals to ceramics, such as oxide-based cermets, carbide-based cermets, boride-based cermets, etc., and are also important varieties in modern ceramics. In recent years, in order to improve the brittleness of ceramics, metal fibers and inorganic fibers have been added to the ceramic matrix. The fiber-reinforced ceramic composite material thus constituted is the youngest but most promising branch of the ceramic family.
For the convenience of production, research and study, special ceramics sometimes do not according to chemical composition, but according to the properties of ceramics, they are divided into high-strength ceramics, high-temperature ceramics, high-toughness ceramics, ferroelectric ceramics, piezoelectric ceramics, electrolyte ceramics, Semiconductor ceramics, dielectric ceramics, optical ceramics (ie transparent ceramics), magnetic porcelain, acid-resistant ceramics and bioceramics, etc.
With the development of science and technology, one can expect that modern ceramics will develop faster and produce more new varieties.
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