David Kisailus, an assistant professor at the University of California, is pioneering a new approach to creating cost-effective nanomaterials by studying the unique teeth of a marine creature known as the "stone cassis" found along the California coast. His research aims to enhance the performance of solar cells and lithium-ion batteries by mimicking the natural structures found in these organisms.
In a recent paper published in *Advanced Functional Materials*, Kisailus and his team explored the biomineralization process behind the teeth of the sea urchin, which are among the hardest biological materials on Earth. The study involved collaboration with students from his lab, as well as researchers from Harvard University, Chapman University, and the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This interdisciplinary effort highlights the growing interest in biomimicry for advanced material development.
The stone cassis, also known as the "sea urchin," has large, robust teeth that can grow up to a foot long. These teeth are made of a tough, leathery material that ranges in color from red-brown to orange. Due to their texture, they are sometimes referred to as "stray patties." Over time, these creatures have evolved to feed on algae using a specialized structure called a radula — a belt-like arrangement of teeth that continuously regenerates as older ones wear down.
Kisailus first became interested in the sea urchin’s teeth five years ago due to their exceptional strength and resistance to wear. He discovered that the teeth contain magnetite, one of the hardest bio-minerals found in nature, which gives them both hardness and magnetic properties. This finding inspired him to explore how such natural processes could be replicated in the lab to develop next-generation materials.
In his latest research, titled *"Phase Transformation and Structure Development in Stones and Teeth,"* he investigated the formation of these hard tissues. The study revealed a three-step process: first, hydrous iron oxide (ferrihydrite) forms within a chitin-based organic template; then, it transforms into magnetite through a solid-state reaction; finally, the magnetite aligns along the organic fibers, forming parallel structures that enhance the tooth's durability.
What makes this process remarkable is that it occurs at room temperature and under environmentally friendly conditions — a major advantage over traditional manufacturing methods. This discovery opens up new possibilities for producing nanomaterials more efficiently and sustainably.
Kisailus is now applying this knowledge to improve solar cell efficiency and battery charging times. By controlling the size, shape, and orientation of engineered nanomaterials, he hopes to create better-performing energy storage systems. Solar cells could capture more sunlight and convert it into electricity more effectively, while lithium-ion batteries might charge faster and last longer.
Another benefit of this approach is the potential for lower manufacturing costs, as the nanocrystals can grow at reduced temperatures. Beyond energy applications, the same technique could be used in industries like automotive, aerospace, and even in the design of dental and oil drilling tools.
This groundbreaking work not only advances material science but also showcases the power of learning from nature to solve real-world challenges.
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