The rapid development of contemporary science and technology and the gradual advancement of the process of global economic integration have promoted the role of standardization in modern economic and social life. Standardization has not only broken through the traditional fields, but also developed from the secondary industry to the first and third industries, from product standards and method standards to management standards, and penetrated into the forefront of modern science and technology development, promoting the transformation of new and high technologies into new productive forces. Form new economic growth points and form new industries. The implementation of the standard strategy has become an important part of China's three major strategies of strengthening independent innovation and building an innovative country. The implementation of the standard strategy will implement the scientific development concept, accelerate the transformation of China's economic development mode, and promote China. The economic development of the good and fast development plays an irreplaceable role. Below I will explain my point in three parts and discuss it with you.
First, the role of modern standardization 1. Definition of standards and standardization 1 Standard. China's national standard GB20000.1-2002 "Standardization Work Guide Part 1: General Vocabulary of Standardization and Related Activities" stipulates that the standard is "in order to obtain the best order within a certain range, it is formulated by consensus and approved by recognized institutions. A normative document that is used together and reused." And indicate: "Standards should be based on the comprehensive results of science, technology and experience, with the aim of promoting the best mutual benefits." This definition is also the definition of standards in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ISO/IEC Guide 2:1996.
What is the standard? It contains six important points:
Object—the repetitive thing;
Purpose -- to get the best order (ensure quality, improve efficiency, save energy and reduce consumption...);
Formulating rules --- consensus by all parties;
Approved release – a recognized authority;
Content – ​​a summary of scientific and technological achievements and production experience;
Scope of application --- Implementation within a certain range.
2 Standardization. China's national standard GB20000.1-2002 "Standardization work guide Part 1: General vocabulary of standardization and related activities" stipulates: Standardization is "to achieve the best order within a certain range, to develop common use of potential problems or potential problems and Reuse of the terms of the activity." There are two indications: “1. The above activities mainly include the process of preparing, publishing and implementing standards; 2. The main role of standardization is to improve the applicability of products, processes or services for their intended purposes, to prevent trade barriers, and Promote technical cooperation.†Again, this definition is the definition of standardization in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ISO/IEC Guide 2:1996.
Standards are normative “documentsâ€; standardization refers to a series of “activities†such as standard setting activities, publicity and implementation activities, inspection and monitoring activities, certification activities, supervision and inspection activities, etc.
2. The role of modern standardization Modern standardization is an important technical basis for a country's economic and social development, which involves all aspects of economic and social development. A sound and advanced standard system is the necessary support for China to establish and improve the socialist market economic system. Standards are an important basis for China's economic restructuring, industrial optimization and upgrading, and transformation of economic development. It is also an important measure to promote China's foreign trade, respond to technical barriers in international trade, and fierce international competition. Standardization is to promote independent innovation industry. The only way to go. Standardization at the micro level is an important basis for improving the management level of enterprises, ensuring product quality and improving efficiency. For users and consumers, the standard is to obtain safe, healthy consumption and improve the quality of life. I will elaborate on it.
1 A sound standard system is the necessary support for establishing and improving the socialist market economic system. The various things that run in the market economy can be divided into two categories: one is the main body of market behavior, including various corporate legal persons, business legal persons, social group legal persons and natural persons, etc. These are the initiators and operators of market behaviors. The other is the object of market behavior, that is, the thousands of goods that are operated and exchanged in the market, including service goods, which are the operators of market behavior. The market economy is a legal economy, and its normal operation must be carried out under the legal framework system. All countries with market economic systems, whether they are developed market economy countries or market economy countries in transition, have a common law, that is, the main body of market behavior is regulated by laws and regulations formulated by the state. The laws approved by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, the laws and regulations approved by the State Council, and the local laws and regulations passed by local people's congresses regulate the behavior of market actors. Then, what are the objects of market behavior, and what are the tens of thousands of commodities regulated? It is regulated by thousands of standards. Only when the actors obey the law and the behavioral objects (various commodities) meet the standards, the market economy can operate normally. Therefore, a sound legal and regulatory system and a sound standard system are necessary conditions for the normal operation of the market economic system, and all countries in the market economy system are the same. It is necessary to provide a law enforcement basis for strengthening market supervision and management by establishing a sound standard system, and provide a technical basis for rectifying and standardizing the market economic order to promote the gradual improvement of the market economy system. Let me give an example to illustrate this point. In the case of the Poyang inferior milk powder in the previous years, the relevant departments of the State Council concluded that there are 55 unqualified milk powders involving 40 enterprises in 10 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. There are no black spots at the factory name or site, and there are also Counterfeit and misappropriated other factories, and companies with complete licenses. There are three national standards for infant formula, and they are all mandatory standards. There are clear regulations on the content of nutrients such as protein. For example, the protein content of infant formula is between 10% and 18%, but many companies do not. Seriously implemented. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine recently conducted a general spot check on the quality of milk powder production enterprises. The state supervised and randomly selected milk powders were Shijiazhuang Sanlu, Heilongjiang Wandashan, Inner Mongolia Yili, Mengniu, Beijing Sanyuan, Shanghai Guangming, Shaanxi Yinqiao. 30 companies such as Qinhuang, the milk powder of these 30 companies has accounted for more than 80% of the national output. China Dairy Industry Association, with the leading brand manufacturer in the milk powder market, issued a letter of commitment to the society, solemnly promised:
a The various raw materials used in the production are in full compliance with national standards and never use inferior raw materials.
b Carefully implement the dairy production process and standards, organize production in strict accordance with the process requirements, and ensure that products entering the market meet the requirements of national standards.
c Carefully implement the “General Standard for Food Labelingâ€. The labeling label indicates that the project is complete, the content is accurate, the product name meets the standard requirements, and the ingredient list faithfully reflects the true composition of the product and safeguards the consumer's right to know.
d Seriously implement the relevant provisions of the Advertising Law, do not make false advertising, and do not mislead consumers.
e If we find that our products do not meet the requirements of national standards, we can complain to the relevant state departments, we will bear all responsibility; if we find that there are counterfeit products, please report to us and China Dairy Industry Association in time, we will maintain Your interests.
This fully shows that the standard system is an important support for improving China's socialist market economy system and regulating the market.
2 Standards are an important basis for promoting China's economic restructuring and industrial optimization and upgrading. The adjustment of the current economic structure in China is different from the adjustment of the economic structure in the 1980s and 1990s. The previous adjustment of the economic structure was mainly to solve the quantitative problem and solve the problem of shortage of commodities. What is needed to solve the current economic restructuring is to improve the quality and efficiency of the national economy. In the past, structural adjustments generally depended on adjusting construction projects, adjusting the proportion of light and heavy industries, and the proportion of planting and planting structures. The current adjustment is to rely on the improvement of science and technology and the improvement of scientific management level to receive results. It is now necessary to rely on technological innovation, relying on the development of new products, the development of new processes and new methods, and relying on improving the grade and technological content of products, relying on industrial upgrading and the development of emerging industries. This requires raising the standard level. It is necessary to revise the old standards and formulate a series of new standards to meet the needs of industrial upgrading and economic development. The standards have become an important basis for industrial upgrading, economic restructuring and economic growth. Let me give some examples to illustrate my point. For a long time, China's agriculture is a traditional, decentralized small-scale peasant economy. A few years ago, the vast number of peasants and some of our cadres did not know how to standardize and improve our agricultural production. Even in the mid-1990s, when domestic wheat could not be sold, it also used foreign exchange a lot. The strange thing of buying 10 million tons of special wheat from abroad. Mainly in China, there is no strong gluten wheat for bread and weak gluten wheat for snacks. The corresponding national standard is also the standard for solving the problem of food and clothing. There is no requirement for gluten in the standard. Later, the standard for special high-quality wheat was formulated in time. The requirements for protein content and gluten were added to the standard. The policy of high quality and good price was used to guide farmers to actively plant high-quality wheat. At present, the planting area of ​​high-quality wheat in China has exceeded 120 million mu, meeting the demand for domestic consumption upgrade. In 2003, with the approval of the State Council, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the National Standards Committee and the Ministry of Agriculture jointly convened the National Conference on Agricultural Standardization. Since the General Office of the State Council issued a special notice on strengthening agricultural standardization work, the importance and implementation of agricultural standardization production has been formed throughout the country. Good situation. Some leading enterprises and pilot areas have cultivated a number of high-quality branded agricultural products through standardized agricultural production throughout the process. These agricultural products have played a significant role in raising farmers' income, meeting domestic consumption needs and expanding the export of agricultural and sideline products in China. Due to the advancement of agricultural standardization production, the annual increase in income of relevant farmers is mostly in the thousands to tens of thousands. In the field of the tertiary industry, we have examples of success, and there are examples of the need to standardize and improve with standardization. Due to the improvement of people's living standards, China's tourism service industry has become a sunrise industry. China has formulated two national standards, namely, the classification and assessment of foreign-related star-rated hotels and the classification and assessment of the quality of tourist attractions. The tourism department implements and implements It is very serious, which has played a very good role in regulating the tourism industry and establishing a good image of the tourism industry. There are nearly 10,000 star-rated hotels in China, and the level of hotels is not worse than that of foreign star-rated hotels. However, in the emerging service areas of finance, insurance, and modern logistics, we have a clear gap with foreign countries, and the level of standardization work is relatively backward. From the perspective of modern logistics, China's modern logistics industry still stays at the level of traditional warehousing and transportation industry. It is scattered and backward. It belongs to different departments, and its informationization level is low. It cannot be a unified, organic, and used. Modern logistics service system linked by modern information system. The most deadly here is the institutional obstacle. In the secondary industry, there are more examples of standard updates that promote industrial upgrading. The textile industry is China's traditional export-oriented industry. From the mid-1990s, textile products exported to meet the green barriers of European countries, and the standards for textile products in developed countries are becoming more and more strict. In 2003, we revised and released the new national standard "Technical Specifications for Textile Safety" GB18401. The new standard is in line with the requirements of European standards for technical indicators such as formaldehyde, azo dyes and pH values. International competitiveness has played a positive role in promoting the expansion of textile exports to China after the cancellation of textile quotas. There are also pollutant emission standards for automobiles. China's standards are gradually equivalent to the emission standards of Euro II and Euro III, which have played a positive role in resisting the massive influx of imported cars and promoting the export of domestically produced vehicles. There are also examples of the promotion and application of H-beams and geotextiles that I have mentioned on many occasions. This is a typical example of the introduction of new standards and the role of promoting industrial restructuring. All of the above examples illustrate the guiding role of standard updating on industrial optimization and upgrading and economic restructuring.
3 Standards are important measures to promote China's foreign trade, respond to technical barriers in international trade and fierce international competition. Among the 23 agreements of the WTO Agreement, there are two main agreements involving technical barriers to trade: one is the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (the WTO/TBT Agreement) and the other is the Agreement on the Implementation of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (ie WTO/SPS Agreement). The basic rules of the two agreements are the principle of national treatment, the principle of transparency, the principles based on international standards and the principles of scientific rationality. The technical regulations, standards, conformity assessment procedures and implemented sanitary and phytosanitary measures covered by the WTO/TBT and WTO/SPS agreements are the main technical trade measures implemented by countries. The agreement allows each member state to have the right to achieve a legitimate goal and propose The right to adequate protection of human and animal and plant measures, which makes technical barriers a legitimate and legitimate thing, and the demanding requirements in this regard constitute a technical barrier in international trade, which has produced a great deal in international trade. Impact.
The list of WTO/TBT and WTO/SPS measures notified by the Central Secretariat of the WTO in 2004 and 2005 is as follows:
The data listed in these two tables are based on the summary of WTO/TBT and WTO/SPS measures notified by WTO members to the WTO Central Secretariat in 2004 and 2005. From the situations listed in these two tables, we You can get the following 3 points. First, in international trade, since the WTO/TBT and WTO/SPS agreements stipulate that member states have the right to safeguard the legitimate objectives of the country and properly protect the life and health of people, animals and plants, it is reasonable and legal to adopt technical trade measures. Widely adopted; second, developed countries adopt more technical trade measures than developing countries, and are more active; third, because people pay more attention to the health of people, animals and plants, the number of WTO/SPS measures is more than the WTO/TBT measures. .
According to the WTO, each member country must adopt these technical trade measures to notify the WTO Central Secretariat in advance, and set a 60-day evaluation period and a six-month adaptation period for the member states.
Developed countries take advantage of their high level of science and technology, strong economic strength and sound laws and regulations, through the development of a large number of technical regulations and standards, and high requirements, but also frequently revised; set up complex conformity assessment procedures, and expensive; constantly revised laws and regulations To continuously increase the inspection and quarantine items and requirements of inbound products to limit the import of products from other countries. Most of the technical measures in these international trades are achieved through standardized means. It conforms to the rules of the WTO, and it is known in advance that such barriers cannot be broken. Only by improving China's production technology level will it be crossed. We must actively learn and grasp the relevant situation and calmly deal with technical barriers in international trade.
4 Standards are an important basis for promoting China's transformation of economic development mode and building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
The rapid development of China's economy over the years has been based on the massive consumption of resources and the increasing environmental pollution. In the future, the rapid coordination and sustainable development of China's economy and society will be severely constrained by the ability of resource support and environmental carrying capacity. General Secretary Hu Jintao stated clearly at the Central Economic Work Conference in November 2004 and the 23rd Politburo Collective Learning Conference on June 28, 2005, "It is necessary to formulate energy conservation, water conservation, material conservation standards, and mandatory Implement."
The National Standardization Administration has formulated 46 national standards for the Energy Conservation Law, which will be implemented from June 1 this year. The 46 national standards include: 22 energy consumption limit standards for energy-intensive products per unit, 5 vehicle fuel economy standards, 11 energy efficiency standards for end-use energy products, 8 energy measurement, energy consumption calculation, and economic operation. And other basic standards for energy conservation. Among them, 36 are mandatory national standards.
China's standard for joint water has clearly defined the water quotas for thermal power generation, iron and steel enterprises, oil refining enterprises, cotton textile printing and dyeing enterprises, paper making, beer, alcohol, synthetic ammonia, monosodium glutamate, pharmaceutical products, etc. These standards are from 2003. It has been implemented on May 1 this year. Although these water-saving standards are recommended standards, the relevant government departments can implement administrative enforcement, or gradually use the market mechanism of over-pricing fare increases to encourage enterprises to implement.
At present, there are more than 340 national standards for environmental protection in China, and more than 260 industry standards and specifications, which basically constitute a relatively complete environmental standard system. The main reason for strengthening this aspect in the future is that the environmental awareness of the whole society needs to be improved. The serious implementation of standards must be consciously acted by governments and enterprises at all levels, and the strict enforcement of environmental law enforcement departments will receive results. Without the basic work of standards, it is impossible to transform China’s economic development mode and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
2. Standardization is the only way to industrialize scientific and technological innovation results 1. Three stages of industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements. The process of industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements in developed countries and our own experience have proved that the industrialization process of scientific and technological innovation achievements generally has to go through three stages, namely, the original scientific invention--technical innovation--industrialization. A lot of work in the original scientific invention stage is often carried out in specialized research institutes, national laboratories and higher education institutions. Experts and professors concentrate on spending a lot of time and energy to achieve results, and often encounter inevitable failures. Some results have not even seen any application prospects when they are obtained. In the stage of technological innovation, a large amount of research work should be carried out in a targeted manner on the basis of original innovation. From the determination of the application direction to the new materials, the research and improvement of the new methods, from the new process flow to the development of special equipment, from the acquisition of product performance and stability, etc., a series of research and development and pilot work, then The capital and manpower invested are often several times to dozens or even hundreds of times higher than the original innovation stage. With the success of the second stage, there will be prospects for industrialization development. In the industrialization stage, a series of work for mass production and stable production should be completed, from the supply of funds and raw materials to the provision of complete sets of equipment, from the preparation of manpower and production conditions. To the market development and the cultivation of users and consumers, the success of all aspects, this completes the whole process of technological innovation to the formation of emerging industries.
2. The industrialization of scientific and technological innovations must rely on standardization. From the definition of standardization, it can be seen that everything that is to be repeated and products that are repeatedly produced must ensure the consistency of product performance and specifications. To ensure reliable product quality, a series of standards must be established to control mass production. Every step of the process. The consistency of raw material supply must have corresponding testing standards to ensure that every production process of the production process must have strict technical procedures (working standards) to regulate, each piece of finished product flows to the next program, each product leaves the factory. Strictly tested according to uniform standards. Only through a series of strict standards, can we guarantee the quality of large-scale production products, and gain the recognition of users and consumers, and then obtain market success. Some economic experts believe that the reason for the strong competitiveness of the United States is that it has a strong ability to innovate independently. The more direct reason is that the United States has strong ability to form emerging industries and industries, and the United States has a strong ability to industrialize the results of laboratories. The fundamental reason for the lack of independent brands in China is that the ability of independent innovation is not strong. The ability to transform the results of independent scientific and technological innovation into actual productivity is also an important reason. There are reasons for insufficient follow-up capital investment and the establishment of a risk investment mechanism. Some enterprises have not become Another important reason for the institutional reasons for the innovation subject is that it ignores the standardization research in the process of scientific and technological innovation. When the scientific and technological achievements mature, the standard for regulating large-scale production has not kept up, which will inevitably affect the process of industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. It should be recognized that standardization is the only way to industrialize scientific and technological innovations. In order to achieve industrialization and form new economic growth points, any scientific and technological innovations must carry out standard research in the middle and late stages of the innovation research process. Only in this way can we ensure that new scientific and technological innovations mature and enter the stage of industrialization. The standards for mass production have also been introduced, which strongly supports the industrialization of innovation results. An important reason why some of our previous independent innovations were promoted and applied and the rate of industrialization was low was because of the neglect of standard research.
Third, the standard example of promoting the industrialization of scientific and technological innovation results Example 1, digital high-definition television is a new industry achievement that has been gradually promoted by developed countries. In order to develop digital high-definition television, China established the former State Planning Commission as early as 8 years ago. Leading HDTV leading group and the HDTV standardization expert group led by the former State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. The United States is striving to adopt their ATSC digital TV standards, and Europe is trying to recommend our DVB digital TV standards. If we choose one of them to be translated into China's national standards, China's TV manufacturers will have to produce digital TVs in the future. The holder pays a huge patent fee. Everyone agreed to develop China's own digital TV standards, and clearly included patents with independent intellectual property rights, leaving the huge potential market of digital TV to us. To this end, China's terrestrial transmission digital TV standard was not approved until the deputy prime minister Zeng Peiyan was approved in August this year, just to wait for the independent innovation results to be included in the national standards of digital television. The introduction of standards has laid the foundation for industrialization of digital HD TV production.
Example 2, electric vehicles are the future development direction, developed countries are working hard to develop new electric vehicles, and commercial electric vehicles that provide the market are about to be launched. The research work of electric vehicles in China has also begun for many years and has made good progress. For the industrialization of electric vehicles, we have approved the release of 19 national standards for electric vehicles, and more than 10 are in the process of being developed. I believe that with the continuous progress of electric vehicle research in China, along with the standards for electric vehicles. Gradually improve, the development of China's electric vehicle industry will also be just around the corner.
Example 3: In recent years, Shenzhen has completed a new round of economic restructuring with independent innovation, and a number of innovative enterprises with independent intellectual property rights and independent brand products have emerged. At the end of 2005, there were more than 30,000 enterprises engaged in the production of high-tech products in Shenzhen, of which 280 had an annual output value of over 100 million yuan. Shenzhen has changed from the economic structure of “three to one supplement and processing trade†in the early stage of reform and opening up. Rely on independent innovation and develop the stage of independent brand economy. Huawei and ZTE are outstanding examples. They rely on independent innovation to catch up with the international advanced level. They actively participate in the formulation of international standards and rapidly expand their market share in the international market. There are also a large number of enterprises that rely on independent innovation to create their own brand products. For example, Mindray, founded by Xu Hang, has independently developed a color ultrasonic imaging diagnostic system that is the first in the world and advanced in the world, breaking the monopoly of high-tech medical equipment management by international manufacturers. situation. The company established by Liu Nanlin to overcome the industrial production of the "amorphous alloy material", a frontier project of materials science and technology, has worked hard for 11 years and has experienced the difficulties of independent innovation and entrepreneurship. Finally, it has built an industrial production line of "amorphous alloy materials". The alloy steel film was used on the astronaut's helmet and proved to be good. Sebino, led by Peng Zhaohui, has successfully developed the world's first gene therapy drug, “Today's Life,†which has created the world's number one in more than 1,000 clinical trials of nearly 100 gene therapy companies around the world. China Container Group Corporation purchases foreign patents and independent innovation. At present, the company has more than 500 patents and more than 800 proprietary technologies. It has become the industry leader in container international standard formulation and is currently a strong international container manufacturer. Refrigerators produced account for 44% of the global market. Shenzhen BYD Company relies on independent innovation. The semi-automated battery production line independently developed by the company has dozens of patents, with a daily output of 3 million batteries. He produces nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen and lithium-ion batteries in the international market, one, two and three respectively. . There are four 90% in Shenzhen, more than 90% of R&D institutions are in enterprises; more than 90% of R&D personnel are concentrated in enterprises; more than 90% of research and development funds are from enterprises; more than 90% of service invention patents are from enterprises.
China's economic and social construction has to reach a new level, and we urgently need to make greater efforts to improve the capacity for independent innovation and build an innovative country. We hope that experts, professors, entrepreneurs and all walks of life can use the effective way of standardization to promote the formation of new industries in scientific and technological innovation, and make new contributions to accelerating the transformation of China's economic development mode and promoting sound and rapid economic development.
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