Fertilizer is the material basis for crop yield increase. Rational application of fertilizer is an important technical measure to improve the yield and quality of tobacco. The purpose of fertilizing flue-cured tobacco is not only to increase the yield and economic benefits per unit area, but more importantly, it is conducive to the formation and improvement of tobacco leaf quality, which is the ultimate goal of flue-cured tobacco fertilization. Fertilization played a major role in the formation and output value of flue-cured tobacco, accounting for 39.2% and 47.3%, respectively. Moreover, fertilization also has a high proportion of the quality of tobacco leaves, accounting for 20% to 30%. Therefore, fertilization is the key technology for flue-cured tobacco cultivation. The quality of tobacco leaves depends to a large extent on the fertilization. It is necessary to make reasonable fertilization of flue-cured tobacco, in addition to doing a good job of soil testing and balanced fertilization, maximizing fertilizer. The utilization rate is the key to achieving fertilization efficiency and quality improvement. In combination with the actual production of local tobacco, we mainly do the following work:
First, the implementation of crop rotation, the establishment of a good farming system, the selection of soil with moderate soil texture to grow flue-cured tobacco is an effective way to improve the utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in flue-cured tobacco.
Rotation is to use the difference in nutrient absorption between different crops, reasonably arrange the rotation cycle, achieve the combination of land use and land reclamation, improve the yield and quality of various crops, and improve economic benefits. Tobacco has a rotation system, which can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties and balance the use of soil nutrients, thereby bringing superior growth environment and conditions to tobacco production, improving fertilization effects, maintaining, restoring and improving soil fertility, and eliminating toxic substances in soil. Significantly, the yield of tobacco leaves was significantly improved and the quality was significantly improved. According to the study, the utilization rate of N fertilizer in the continuous cropping field decreased by 4.8 percentage points per year, the utilization rate of P fertilizer decreased by 0.7 percentage points, and the utilization rate of K fertilizer decreased by 3.2 percentage points. Therefore, rotation is an effective way to improve the quality of tobacco leaves and soil fertilizer utilization, and is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of tobacco. At present, in order to solve the problem of tobacco rotation, the tobacco system of Yunnan Province has done a lot of work, so that the proportion of rotation area in the province has reached more than 60% in recent years, and the production and quality of tobacco leaves have been steadily improved.
Second, for different soils, the rational combination of base fertilizer and topdressing is an important measure to improve the fertilization effect.
The nutrients in the red soil and the calcareous soil are absorbed slowly, and the fertilization on these two soils requires heavy base fertilizer and early application of top dressing. Paddy soil, yellow soil and purple soil should increase the proportion of top dressing, so that the proportion of topdressing is 40% to 50%.
Proper fertilization methods and periods are important to improve fertilizer utilization, reduce production costs and improve tobacco quality. According to the 15N tracer study, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is the lowest in the whole strip, 2/3 base fertilizer + 1/3 topdressing is in the middle, and 1/3 base fertilizer + 2/3 top dressing is the highest. When the proportion of top dressing reaches 50%, the nicotine content of the middle and upper leaves is significantly increased, which is unfavorable for improving the quality and usability of tobacco leaves. Therefore, the proportion of top dressing should be controlled at 30% to 40%. In actual production, the following problems should be noted in the fertilization method and period:
(1) Compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate should be determined according to the groundwater level and fertility level, and it is recommended to apply less or no pond fertilizer (low soil fertility, less soil application, high soil fertility, no application), repositioning annular fertilization or topdressing ( If the groundwater level is low, the circular fertilization, such as the ground smoke and the mountain smoke, will be repositioned; if the groundwater level is high, the heavy topdressing, such as the field smoke).
(2) Pu-calcium or calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer is suitable for strip application, that is, evenly applied to the bottom of the soot before the amount of sputum can improve the fertilizer efficiency. In addition, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is an alkaline fertilizer, and should not be mixed with acidic fertilizers such as compound fertilizer or potassium sulfate to avoid chemical reaction and reduce fertilizer efficiency, and the application effect on acidic soil is better.
(3) To prevent the direct contact between the fertilizer and the tobacco plant, ring fertilization can be used to keep the fertilizer and the tobacco plant at a distance of 10 to 15 cm to avoid burning the seedlings.
Third, different varieties use different nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio.
Different tobacco varieties are determined by genetic characteristics, and the absorption and utilization of soil and fertilizer nutrients are very different. For example, the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in safflower Dajinyuan (referred to as Hongda) is higher, while the fertilizer utilization rate of K326 is lower, and G28 is in the middle. Therefore, the difference in fertilizer demand for tobacco varieties is the main basis for determining the amount of fertilizer applied.
Different varieties use different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The ratio of N and P2O5 in the suitable fertilizer ratio of red and G28 is 8%~12%, and K2O content is 20%~25%. Preferably, N:P2O5:K2O = 1: 1: 2.5 ~ 3. K16, Yunyan 85 and other fertilizer-tolerant varieties have a N content of 12% to 18%, a P2O5 content of 5% to 8%, and a K2O content of 22% to 28%, that is, N:P2O5: K2O = 1:0.5:2 to 2.5.
Fourth, different planting soils use formula fertilizers with different ratios of nitrate nitrogen to fully improve fertilizer utilization.
Starting from the actual production of tobacco, it is more effective to improve the fertilizer utilization rate by selecting suitable nutrient distribution ratio and fertilizer with different structure for different soil conditions. Practice has proved that the proportion of nitrate nitrogen in fertilizer formula is about 40%, the source of phosphorus should not use calcium fertilizer, but ammonium phosphate should be used. In red soil and purple soil, the ratio of different nitrate N has little effect on fertilizer utilization, but the ratio of nitrate N is 40% to 60%. In paddy soil, when nitrate ratio exceeds 40 At the time of %, the fertilizer utilization rate will be significantly reduced. Therefore, the proportion of nitrate N in the tobacco fertilizer formula used in such tobacco soil should not exceed 40%, while the red soil and purple soil should be 40% to 60%. Formula N fertilizers are more suitable. In addition, the size of the fertilizer has a great influence on the fertilizer efficiency. In red soil, lime soil, purple soil and yellow soil, the suitable fertilizer particle size is 2 to 4 mm, and the paddy soil is 4 to 6 mm, which can effectively improve the flue-cured tobacco. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer utilization rate.
Five, add borax
In the soil lacking B, adding 0.5% borax to the tobacco fertilizer formula can increase the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer by 8% to 15%; adding 3% of chloride ions to the soil lacking Cl can increase the utilization rate of N fertilizer by 4%. ~9%. (Yunnan Tobacco Science Research Institute)
Source: Yunnan Science and Technology News
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